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加强青少年法制教育的若干思考/洪碧华

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加强青少年法制教育的若干思考

洪碧华

[内容摘要]青少年犯罪、吸毒贩毒和环境污染被称为“三大社会公害”。加强青少年法制教育,预防和减少青少年违法犯罪就显得尤为重要,应引起全社会重视。文章强调了加强青少年法制教育的重要性,分析了当前青少年法制教育工作中存在的主要问题,并探寻具体的解决途径。
[关键词] 青少年;违法犯罪;法制教育;措施

十年树木,百年树人。百年大计,教育为本。重视国民教育是各国跨世纪重要发展战略,未来社会的竞争将是科技和人才的竞争。青少年是祖国的未来和希望。他们能否健康成长,直接关系到国家和民族的利益,关系到家庭和社会的稳定,关系到社会主义现代化建设的进行。青少年犯罪已成为一个不容忽视的社会问题。浙江中学生徐力弑母案件和云南大学生马加爵杀人案件,以及2007年4月16日发生的美国史上最血腥的校园枪击案件,造成包括凶杀赵承熙在内的弗吉尼亚理工大学33人死亡,这些震惊世界的大案都暴露出学校思想道德教育和法制教育方面存在弊端。加强青少年法制教育,预防和减少青少年违法犯罪就显得尤为重要,应引起全社会共同关注。
一、加强青少年法制教育的重要性
我党的三代领导人都很重视对青少年的培养和教育。毛泽东主席生前曾语重心长地说:“年轻人就象早上八、九点钟的太阳,世界是你们的,也是我们的,但最后是属于你们的。”邓小平同志曾经指出:“加强法制重要的是要进行教育,根本问题是教育人,法制教育要从娃娃抓起,小学、中学都要进行这个教育。”2002年2月江泽民同志在《关于教育问题的谈话》中指出:“教育是一个系统工程,不仅要加强对学生的文化知识教育,而且要切实加强对学生的思想政治教育、品德教育、纪律教育;要经常在学生中开展纪律法制教育,增强他们的纪律法制观念,使他们懂得遵纪守法的道理”、“加强和改进教育工作,不只是学校和教育部门的事,家庭、社会各个方面都要一起来关心和支持。只有加强综合管理,多管齐下,形成一种有利于青少年身心健康发展的社会环境,年轻一代才能茁壮成长起来。”
众所周知,青少年是祖国的未来和民族的希望,是新世纪我国社会主义现代化建设的主力军。少年强则国家强。把青少年培养成为有文化、有理想、有道德和守纪律的“四有”新人,是国家兴旺和民族崛起的保证。有一位作家曾经说过:“人生有好多十字路口,紧要处只有几步”,很富有哲理。青少年正处于长身体、长知识、学做人的人生关键时期,容易接受新事物、思想非常活跃,但其生理和心理发育尚未成熟,辨别是非观念差,自控能力弱,在外界的不良诱因下容易产生冲动情绪,对自己的行为往往不计后果,甚至会误入歧途。当前,青少年违法犯罪问题很突出,根据2005年9月最高人民法院统计,从2000年以来,我国未成年犯罪呈现明显的上升趋势,且向低龄化、智能化、团伙化方向发展。究其原因,有家庭、学校、社会等诸多因素,其中不学法、不懂法,缺乏法制观念确是一个重要方面。法制教育是素质教育的重要组成部分,是公民基础教育的重要内容,也是一种养成教育,需要从小抓起,通过不间断地教育、灌输、逐步形成遵纪守法、恪守规范的行为习惯,使青少年自强自律、自重自爱,养成向上、向善、向美的心理素质和优良品格。把住人生的每一个关口,这是从根本上预防和减少未成年人违法犯罪,保障青少年健康成长的重要措施。这是一项利在当代,功在千秋的希望工程。
二、当前青少年法制教育中存在的主要问题
1、缺乏一个良好的运行机制。主要表现在:一是没有形成党委领导、齐抓共管的局面,社会各界和各部门没有形成合力。尽管政法委设立综治办,有关部门设立“关工委”、“未委会”,在青少年法制教育工作方面作了不少努力,但在实际运作中各有关职能部门缺乏共同支持配合,法制教育工作落实不到位,未能充分发挥应有的作用;二是职能部门对法律教育工作的职责不明,缺乏统一协调的主管部门,无法各负其责,各司其职,导致对一些青少年,特别是社会闲散人员和外来务工人员的法制教育出现真空,既没有抓到位,也缺少有效的方法。
2、学校教育和管理方面存在弊端。主要表现在:一是多数学校“重智育轻德育”,没有从根本上实现应试教育向素质教育转变,只是片面追求升学率;二是学校法制教学中没有统一、规范的教材。除部份学校开设的《德育》、《思想政治》课中有少量法律知识外,小学到高中均无法制教育的正式教材;学校对法制重视不够,本来法制课程应该从《德育》和《思想政治》课中独立出来。三是中小学缺少法学专业教师。大多数学校的法制课教师,基本上是由思想品德或政治课的教师兼任,个别学校是由班主任或校长兼任,各校按照规定都有聘任综治副校长,但实际上名不符实,大都是为了应付检查的,并没有发挥应有的作用;四是校园文化单调,学生厌学情绪加剧,导致学生极易受到外界环境的不良影响;五是部分学校教师对“问题”学生帮助教育不够,把后进生、双差生和失足生归为“问题学生”,视为“包袱”、“害群之马”,置之不理,甚至歧视对待,助长了“问题”学生不良品行的发展;六是学校教育和家庭教育脱节,学校与家长缺乏稳固的联络渠道,部分学校不重视家访工作,根本就不知道学生课外究竟在做些什么?七是职业技术教育薄弱,一些初中毕业的青少年踏入社会后,由于文化水平低、竞争能力弱,在充满竞争的当今社会,难有立足之处,加上受不良因素影响,很容易走上违法犯罪道路。
长期以来,我国在人才教育培养上存在“三过”现象:过重的知识导向,过窄的课程教育,过弱的文化陶冶。这些缺陷直接影响我国青少年法制教育的深入发展,也制约着法制教育在更大层面上发挥作用的实践效果。学生的书包越来越重,后背压弯了,视力和体力都快速下降,忽视体育锻炼和道德法制教育必将造成严重后果!身体是学习和工作的本钱。“没有良好身体素质的学生是废品,没有良好智力素质的学生是次品,没有良好品德素质的学生是危险品。”
三、加强青少年法制教育、预防减少违法犯罪的具体措施
(一)由党委、政府负总责,切实重视教育
各级领导要提高思想认识,高度重视国民教育。各级党委、政府要高度负责并层层落实,建立由党委政府牵头的严密的社会、学校和家庭教育保护网络。切实把对学生的法制教育作为加强学生素质教育的重要内容,纳入重要的议事日程,常抓不懈,成立领导小组,配备专职人员,由党委第一把手亲自负总责,层层签订责任状。团中央、司法部、教育部、中央综治办、中央综治委预防青少年违法犯罪工作领导小组曾经联合下发《关于加强青少年学生法制教育工作的若干意见》,在全国各地开展创建青少年法制学校的活动,取得一定成效。
(二)以学校教育为主阵地,培养合格学生
学校是青少年学习的重要场所。要积极发挥学校教育的主阵地作用,树立以学生为主体的现代教育观,提高教育水平,培养“德、智、体、美” 全面发展的合格人才。学校教育要做到“三个结合一个联系”,即:加强法制教育必须同落实普法工作相结合;加强法制教育必须同开展丰富多彩的课外活动相结合;法制教育必须同青少年的思想道德教育和心理健康教育相结合;密切学校同家长、社区的联系。
1、加强法制教育必须同落实普法工作相结合。按照国家的“五五”普法规划,以教材为载体,把法制教育纳入课堂教育,主要学习与青少年有关的法律法规。如《宪法》,《教育法》、《义务教育法》、《教师法》、《未成年人保护法》、《预防未成年人犯罪法》、《国旗法》、《道路交通安全法》和《治安处罚法》等。
2、开展内容丰富多彩的第二课堂活动。由学校组织播放法制教育电视片、电影或者专题广播,举办法律知识竞赛,组织有奖征文,组织模拟法庭演练,开办法制宣传园地,制作图文并茂的黑板报、墙报和宣传栏;印发普法宣传材料,采取“请进来、送出去”形式,与当地的街道司法办、法庭和公安派出所结成友好共建单位,利用每年的“12•4”法制宣传日,配合司法行政主管部门上街开展法律咨询活动,参观监狱或者劳教所进行现场警示教育,旁听法院有关刑事、民事、经济和行政案件的开庭审理活动,聘请有办案经验的公、检、法人员和律师开办法制讲座,深入浅出,以案析法。向家长印发宣传材料,让学生送法回家,与父母共学法,开展“争当守法公民”的主题实践活动。利用节假日组织学生充当小警察,协助交警维持交通秩序。学习交通法的基本常识,从小养成遵守交通规则的良好习惯,牢记“红灯停、绿灯行”、“骑自行车不准载人”规则,减少交通事故的发生。充分利用广播、电视和宣传栏等媒体,对好人好事、助人为乐的典型事例进行大力表扬,弘扬正气。
3、学校法制教育必须同青少年的思想道德教育和心理健康教育相结合。坚持把思想道德品质放在为首位,把德育教育落到实处。教育者必先接受教育,学校老师都应当是德育工作者,要真正履行教书育人职责。学校既要关心品学兼优的尖子生,又要更多的关爱落后学生。在具体工作中必须从以下几方面做起:一是学校的法制教育必须长期化、制度化。二是加强学生的道德教育。任何违法犯罪都是从不遵守道德规范和社会公德开始的,学校要抓住青少年品德、个性、世界观、人生观形成的关键时期,加强思想道德和社会公德教育,使他们树立正确的世界观、人生观,树立远大的理想和奋斗目标,形成良好的道德风尚和高尚的道德情操。三是努力提高教师的法律素质,不能体罚或者变相体罚学生,真正做到为人师表、文明执教。四是定期聘请医院医生来校进行健康教育,开通心理咨询热线,主要解答《青春期的生理卫生》和《青春期的心理卫生》知识,加强学生自我保健和自我调节能力,增强心理素质,培养坚强的意志和毅力,拒绝各种不良的诱惑。
(三)以家庭教育为主渠道,养成良好习惯
要努力提高家长素质,不断改进家庭教育。家庭是社会的细胞,父母是子女的第一任教师,家长的素质会影响了子女的素质,拥有良好的家庭教育,就不易走上歧途。“子不教、父母过”,据统计父母离异家庭子女犯罪率是健全家庭的4.2倍。家庭要创造健康向上的生活环境,给青少年儿童以潜移默化的良性熏陶,家长要配合学校,对学生进行严格管理,不让学生登陆黄色网站,不打电脑游戏,不长时间地看电视或者上网QQ聊天。引导子女把课余时间的旺盛精力投入到有益的学习或者体育活动中去。家长要多学习、少应酬,提高自身素质和法制意识,培养高雅的兴趣爱好,注重言传身教,与子女建立平等的关系,尊重小孩子的隐私权,创建良好的家庭氛围,认真履行对未成年人的监护职责和抚养义务,与学校保持密切联系,共同关注子女的成长。
(四)以社会教育为主格局,优化学习环境
社会各界、各个有关部门要齐心协力,齐抓共管,形成社会教育的框架体系,认真贯彻实施《未成年人保护法》和《预防未成年人犯罪法》,为青少年健康成长创造良好的学习空间。政法、工商、文化、教育主管部门要统一协调,联合行动,综合执法,加大社会治安综合治理的力度。加强对学校周边环境的治理,对学校周边200米以内的游戏厅、歌舞厅、录像厅、台球室、网吧“三厅一室一吧”和商贸摊点等场所,进行必要的清理整顿。该关闭的要坚决关闭,对其它不健康娱乐场所要从严管理,规范运作。禁止未成年人进入公共娱乐场所。共青团、“关工委”、工会、街道、社区居委会等团体组织要向青少年伸出热情的双手,多层次、全方位地做好青少年的思想政治工作,加强爱国主义教育和革命传统教育,帮助青少年树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。使青少年在温暖的集体中接受教育和锻炼,茁壮成长,成为国家有用之材。政法机关和共青团要积极开展创建“青少年维权岗”活动,组织青年学生学法、懂法、守法,并能运用法律武器保护自己。
(五)以创新形式为主突破,形成新亮点
他山之石,可以攻玉。我们可以借鉴美国街道法的教育方式。美国街道法的教育方式也称为诊所式法律教育、或者叫临床法律教育,它兴起于20世纪60年代的美国法学院。顾名思义,它是仿效医学院学生利用医疗诊所实习培养医生的形式。取名“街道法”,是因为选修这门课程的学生所学到的法律知识涉及社会生活的各个方面,渗透到人们工作学习休息的每个领域,其普通和实用的程度就好比走在大街上一样,由此得名。街道法的教材内容包括法律理论与实务各个方面,有立法、司法和律师业务以及解决矛盾纠纷的途径等。
美国十分重视青少年的法制教育,“培养美国公民,面向社会,实现价值认同”是其教育理念。让学生从小就懂得作为美国公民的社会责任感。美国的中学和高中阶段原先没有开设法制课程的,导致学生的法律素质低下,在校园内经常发生暴力或枪击案件。为了解决这个问题,美国政府探索派法学院的学生分期分批到中学去宣传法制,兼任法学教员,或者到街道法律援助中心去实习,让大学生边学习边实践,取得显著成效。既提高中学生的法律常识和法制观念,又让大学生参与法律实践过程,培养学生法律思维能力,把理论和实践紧密相结合。
我们可以学习借鉴美国的成功经验,针对性中学普遍缺乏法学教员的问题,不断创新机制,改进教育方法,扩大普法宣传面,加强对青少学生的法制教育,减少违法犯罪。
总之,青少年失足犯罪,是我们最不愿看到,也是无法杜绝、不能根治的社会顽疾。它不仅直接危害着年轻一代的健康成长,而且严重影响着社会的稳定。加强青少年普法教育,减少违法犯罪,创建平安社区,构建和谐社会,加快法治化步伐。



[参考文献]

1、林明生,《浅谈青少年的心理教育》,载于《团情快讯》,2001,(13).
2、李黎,《加强青少年法制教育,预防青少年违法犯罪》,载于《新疆社会科学信息》,2004年第4期。
3、万立血,《美国青少年法制教育状况及对我国的启示》,载于《青少年犯罪研究》2006年第4期。
4、王胤颖,《美国街道法与青少年法制教育》,载于《青少年犯罪研究》2001年第6期。维普资讯http://www.cqvip.com
5、吴建明,《浅谈青少年法制教育》,载于《陕西青年管理干部学院学报》2001年第2期。



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外商投资国际海运业管理规定(附英文)

交通部 商务部


外商投资国际海运业管理规定

 中华人民共和国交通部


 中华人民共和国商务部



2004年第1号



现公布《外商投资国际海运业管理规定》,自2004年6月1日起施行。



交通部部长 张春贤

商务部部长 薄熙来

         二○○四年二月二十五日






外商投资国际海运业管理规定



第一条 为规范对外商在中国境内设立外商投资企业从事国际海上运输业务以及与国际海上运输相关的辅助性经营业务的管理,保护中外投资者的合法权益,根据《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》(以下简称《海运条例》)和中华人民共和国外商投资的有关法律、行政法规,制定本规定。

第二条 外商在中国境内投资经营国际海上运输业务以及与国际海上运输相关的辅助性经营业务(以下简称国际海运业),适用本规定。

第三条 中华人民共和国交通部和商务部及其授权的部门负责外商在中华人民共和国境内投资设立经营国际海运业的外商投资企业的审批和管理工作。

第四条 经交通部和商务部批准,允许外商采用以下形式投资经营国际海运业:

(一)设立中外合资、中外合作企业经营国际船舶运输、国际船舶代理、国际船舶管理、国际海运货物装卸、国际海运集装箱站和堆场业务;

(二)设立中外合资、中外合作、外商独资企业经营国际海运货物仓储业务;

(三)设立中外合资、中外合作、外商独资企业为投资者拥有或者经营的船舶提供日常业务服务。

第五条 设立外商投资国际船舶运输企业,需符合如下条件:

(一)有与经营国际海上运输业务相适应的船舶,其中必须有中国籍船舶;
(二)投入运营的船舶符合国家规定的海上交通安全技术标准;
(三)有提单、客票或者多式联运单证;
(四)有具备交通部规定的从业资格的高级业务管理人员;

(五)以中外合资或中外合作企业形式设立,外商的出资比例不得超过49%;

(六)企业的董事长和总经理,由投资各方协商后由中方指定;

(七)法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。

第六条 设立外商投资企业经营国际船舶运输业务,应当首先根据《海运条例》及《中华人民共和国海运条例实施细则》(以下简称《海运条例实施细则》)的规定向交通部提出申请,经交通部许可后,申请人应根据国家外商投资法律、行政法规的规定,凭交通部的许可文件向商务部提交本规定第十五条规定的文件,到商务部办理外商投资企业的设立审批手续,取得《外商投资企业批准证书》。

申请人应当持交通部的许可文件和商务部颁发的《外商投资企业批准证书》等有关文件,依法向工商行政管理机关办理工商登记,领取营业执照。

外商投资国际船舶运输企业依法设立后,申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向交通部申领《国际船舶运输经营许可证》,取得许可证书后方可从事国际船舶运输经营活动。

第七条 设立外商投资国际船舶代理企业,需符合如下条件:

(一)高级业务管理人员中至少2人具有3年以上从事国际海上运输经营活动的经历。高级业务管理人员是指具有中级或中级以上职称、在国际海运企业或者国际海运辅助企业任部门经理以上职务的中国公民;
(二)有固定的营业场所和必要的营业设施,包括具有同港口和海关等部门进行电子数据交换的能力;

(三)以中外合资或中外合作企业形式设立,外商出资比例不得超过49%;

(四)法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。

第八条 设立外商投资企业经营国际船舶代理业务,应当首先根据《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定向交通部提出申请,经交通部许可后,申请人应根据国家外商投资法律、行政法规的规定,凭交通部的许可文件向商务部提交本规定第十五条规定的文件,到商务部办理外商投资企业的设立审批手续,取得《外商投资企业批准证书》。

申请人应当持交通部的许可文件和商务部颁发的《外商投资企业批准证书》等有关文件,依法向工商行政管理机关办理工商登记,领取营业执照。

外商投资国际船舶代理企业依法设立后,申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向交通部申领《国际船舶代理经营资格登记证》,取得资格登记证后方可从事国际船舶代理经营活动。

第九条 设立外商投资国际船舶管理企业,需具备下列条件:

(一)高级业务管理人员中至少2人具有3年以上从事国际海上运输经营活动的经历;
(二)有持有与所管理船舶种类和航区相适应的船长、轮机长适任证书的人员;

(三)有与国际船舶管理业务相适应的设备、设施。

第十条 设立外商投资企业经营国际船舶管理业务,应当根据《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定向交通部提出申请,经交通部许可后,申请人凭交通部的许可文件并提交本规定第十五条规定的材料,根据国家有关外商投资的法律、行政法规的规定向企业所在地省级人民政府商务主管部门办理《外商投资企业批准证书》。

外商投资国际船舶管理企业依法设立后,申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向企业所在地的省级人民政府交通主管部门申领《国际海运辅助业经营资格登记证》,取得登记证书后方可从事国际船舶管理经营活动。

第十一条 设立外商投资企业经营国际海运集装箱站和堆场业务、国际海运货物仓储,应当根据《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定向交通部提出申请,经交通部许可后,申请人凭交通部的许可文件并提交本规定第十五条规定的材料,根据国家有关外商投资的法律、行政法规的规定向企业所在地省级人民政府商务主管部门办理《外商投资企业批准证书》。

外商投资国际海运集装箱站和堆场企业、国际海运货物仓储企业依法设立后,申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向企业所在地的省级人民政府交通主管部门申领《国际海运辅助业经营资格登记证》,取得登记证书后方可从事相关业务。

外商投资设立国际海运货物装卸企业,依照国家有关规定办理。

第十二条 对已经设立的外商投资企业申请增加经营国际海运或国际海运辅助性业务,应当按照本规定中设立相关外商投资国际海运企业的程序办理相应手续。

已经设立的外商投资国际海运企业设立分支机构,应当按照有关外商投资法律、行政法规的规定和《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定分别到交通部和商务部或其授权的部门办理相应手续。

已经设立的外商投资国际海运企业的合营合同、公司章程中有关出资、股权结构、经营范围等重要内容进行变更的,应当按照有关外商投资法律、行政法规的规定到商务部或其授权部门办理相关手续。变更《海运条例实施细则》第二十一条规定事项的,应当向交通部备案。

第十三条 外国航运公司可以设立中外合资、中外合作、外商独资企业,为投资者拥有或者经营的船舶提供承揽货物、代签提单、代结运费、代签服务合同等日常业务服务,其申请设立程序依照交通部与商务部联合发布的外商独资船务公司审批管理的有关规定办理。

第十四条 在中国境内的外商投资企业经营无船承运业务,应依照《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定,向交通部申请登记取得《无船承运业务经营资格登记证》,并依照外商投资的有关法律、行政法规的规定,到商务部办理审批手续。

第十五条 申请人向交通部提出申请,应当提交《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》规定的材料;向商务部或其授权部门提出申请的,应向审批机关提交如下材料:

(一) 申请书;

(二) 可行性研究报告;

(三)合营合同和合营公司章程(独资企业只报送章程);

(四)投资者注册登记证明文件及资信证明文件;

(五)拟设立企业董事长和总经理的身份证明;

(六)法律、行政法规要求的其他文件。

第十六条 中国香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区的投资者在中国其他省、自治区和直辖市投资设立国际海运及其国际海运辅助企业,参照本规定办理。

第十七条 根据国务院批准的《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》、《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及其附件的有关规定,自2004年1月1日起,允许香港和澳门的服务提供者在内地设立独资企业经营国际船舶管理、国际海运货物仓储、国际海运集装箱站和堆场、无船承运业务;允许香港和澳门的服务提供者在内地设立独资船务公司,为其拥有或者经营的船舶提供揽货、签发提单、结算运费、签订服务合同等日常业务服务。

第十八条 本规定由交通部和商务部负责解释。

第十九条 本规定自2004年5月1日起施行。




PROVISIONS ON ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

(Promulgated by Decree No. 1 of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce on March 2nd, 2004, and effective as of June 1st, 2004)



Article 1 These Provisions are formulated in accordance with the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on International Maritime Transportation (hereinafter referred to as the Maritime Transportation Regulations) and the relevant laws and administrative regulations of the People’s Republic of China on foreign investment, for the purposes of regulating the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises by foreign investors to engage in international maritime transportation business and auxiliary business relating thereto and safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of Chinese and foreign investors.



Article 2 These Provisions are applicable to the investment in and operation of international maritime transportation business and auxiliary businesses relating thereto (hereinafter referred to as international maritime transportation) by foreign investors within the territory of China.



Article 3 The Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China as well as their authorized agencies are responsible for the approval and administration of the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign investors to engage in international maritime transportation.



Article 4 With the approval of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce, a foreign investor may invest in and operate international maritime transportation in the following forms:

(1) to establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture to engage in international shipping services, international shipping agency services, international ship management services, loading and unloading of international shipments and international maritime container freight station and container yard services;

(2) to establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to engage in international maritime cargo warehousing services;

(3) to establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to offer routine services for the vessels owned or operated by the investor.



Article 5 A foreign-funded international shipping enterprise to be established shall meet the following conditions:

(1) having vessels suitable for employment in international maritime transportation, among which there must be vessels of Chinese nationality;

(2) vessels under employment shall be in compliance with the technical standards for maritime traffic safety as set forth by the State;

(3) having bills of lading, passenger tickets or multimodal transportation documents;

(4) having senior executives with the professional qualifications as set forth by the Ministry of Communications;

(5) in case of establishing a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture, the proportion of investment made by foreign investors shall not exceed 49%;

(6) the chairperson of the board of directors and the general manager shall be appointed by the Chinese side after consultation between the both sides;

(7) other conditions specified by laws or administrative regulations.



Article 6 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international shipping services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on International Maritime Transportation (hereinafter referred to as the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations); if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for establishing a foreign-funded enterprise with the Ministry of Commerce by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions and obtain the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise.

The applicant shall, by presenting the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise issued by the Ministry of Commerce and other relevant documents, go through the industrial and commercial registration formalities with the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and obtain the business license.

After the establishment of a foreign-funded international shipping enterprise, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the Ministry of Communications for obtaining the Permit for Operation of International Shipping Services. Only those that have obtained such Permit may engage international shipping services.



Article 7 A foreign-funded international shipping agency enterprise to be established shall meet the following conditions:

(1) having at least two senior executives with no less than three years’ experience in international maritime transportation business operations. The term “senior executives” refers to Chinese citizens who have secondary or higher technical or academic titles and serve as department managers or above in enterprises engaging in international maritime transportation business or the auxiliary business relating thereto;

(2) having a fixed place of business and necessary business facilities, including the ability to have electronic data interchange (EDI) with ports, the Customs and other departments;

(3) in case of establishing a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture, the proportion of investment made by foreign investors shall not exceed 49%;

(4) other conditions specified by laws or administrative regulations.



Article 8 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international shipping agency services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations; if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for establishing a foreign-funded enterprise with the Ministry of Commerce by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions and obtain the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise.

The applicant shall, by presenting the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise issued by the Ministry of Commerce and other relevant documents, go through the industrial and commercial registration formalities with the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and obtain the business license.

After the establishment of a foreign-funded international shipping agency enterprise, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the Ministry of Communications for obtaining the Registration for Operation of International Shipping Agency Services. Only those that have obtained such Registration may engage international shipping agency services.



Article 9 A foreign-funded international ship management enterprise to be established shall meet the following conditions:

(1) having at least two senior executives with no less than three years’ experience in international maritime transportation business operations;

(2) having staff members in possession of master’s or chief engineer’s documents of competence that are commensurate with the types of vessels under their management and the navigation zones;

(3) having the equipment or facilities commensurate with the international ship management services.



Article 10 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international ship management services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations; if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for obtaining the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise with the competent commerce administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is to be located by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions.

After the establishment of a foreign-funded international ship management enterprise, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the competent communications administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is located for obtaining the Registration for Operation of Auxiliary Businesses Relating to International Maritime Transportation. Only those that have obtained such Registration may engage in international ship management services.



Article 11 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international maritime container freight station and container yard services or international maritime cargo warehousing services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations; if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for obtaining the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise with the competent commerce administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is to be located by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions.

After the establishment of a foreign-funded enterprise engaging in international maritime container freight station and container yard services or international maritime cargo warehousing services, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the competent communications administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is located for obtaining the Registration for Operation of Auxiliary Businesses Relating to International Maritime Transportation. Only those that have obtained such Registration may engage in the relevant services.

The establishment of a foreign-funded enterprise engaging in loading and unloading of international shipments shall be governed by the relevant provisions of the State.



Article 12 Where an established foreign-funded enterprise applies to add international maritime transportation business or the auxiliary business relating thereto to its business scope, it shall go through the corresponding formalities in accordance with the procedures for establishing a foreign-funded enterprise engaging in specific international maritime transportation businesses set forth in these Provisions.

Where an established foreign-funded enterprise engaging in international maritime transportation is to establish branches, it shall go through the corresponding formalities with the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce or their authorized agencies in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State, the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations.

Where an established foreign-funded enterprise engaging in international maritime transportation is to modify the essential contents such as investment contribution, structure of the shares or scope of business of its contact of joint venture or articles of association, it shall go through the corresponding formalities with the Ministry of Commerce or its authorized agencies in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State. Any modification to the matters specified in Article 21 of the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations shall be filed with the Ministry of Communications for the record.



Article 13 A foreign company engaging in shipping may establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or wholly foreign-owned enterprise to offer such routine services as canvassing of cargoes, issuance of bills of lading, settlement of freight and signing of service contracts for the vessels owned or operated by investors. The procedures for establishment application of such an enterprise shall be governed by the relevant provisions jointly issued by the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce on approval of establishment of wholly foreign-owned shipping companies.



Article 14 Where a foreign-funded enterprise within the territory of China is to engage in non-vessel-operating services, it shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations, make an application to the Ministry of Communications for registration and obtaining the Registration of Non-vessel-operating Services Qualification, and go through the approval formalities with the Ministry of Commerce in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State.



Article 15 Where an applicant makes an application to the Ministry of Communications, it shall submit the documents specified in the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations. Where an applicant makes an application to the Ministry of Commerce or its authorized agencies, he shall submit the following documents:

(1) the letter of application;

(2) the feasibility study report;

(3) the contract of the joint venture and the articles of association of the company (in case of a wholly foreign-owned company, the articles of association of the company only);

(4) the registration certificate and credit-standing certificate of investors;

(5) the identity certification of the chairperson of the board of directors and the general manager of the enterprise to be established;

(6) other documents required by laws or administrative regulations.



Article 16 These Provisions are mutatis mutandis applicable to the establishment of enterprises engaging in international maritime transportation and the auxiliary services relating thereto in other provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government by the investors form Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region.



Article 17 In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, the Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement and their Annexes, from January 1st, 2004, service suppliers from Hong Kong or Macao may established a wholly Hong Kong or Macao-owned enterprise in Chinese mainland to engage in international ship management services, international maritime cargo warehousing, international maritime container freight station and container yard services, and non-vessel-operating services; they may also establish a wholly Hong Kong or Macao-owned shipping company in Chinese mainland to offer such routine services as canvassing of cargoes, issuance of bills of lading, settlement of freight and signing of service contracts for their owned or operated vessels.



Article 18 The Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce are responsible for the interpretation of these Provisions.



Article 19 These Provisions shall take effect as of June 1st, 2004.




关于2003年度监理工程师执业资格考试合格标准有关问题的通知

人事部办公厅


关于2003年度监理工程师执业资格考试合格标准有关问题的通知



国人厅发[2003]65号

各省、自治区、直辖市人事厅(局)、新疆生产建设兵团人事局:

  根据2003年度监理工程师执业资格考试数据的统计分析,经与建设部协商,现将考试合格标准及有关问题通知如下:

  一、合格标准

科目名称 试卷满分 合格标准
工程建设合同管理 110 66
工程建设质量、投资、进度控制 160 96
工程建设监理基本理论与相关法规 110 66
工程建设监理案例分析 120 72



  二、请各地在检查验收工作的基础上,按照上述标准对各科目考试成绩进行复核,并与人事部人事考试中心核对数据,确认无误后,将统计结果按附表要求逐项填写,于12月20日前送我部专业技术人员管理司备案,备案数据将作为发放专业执业资格证书的依据。

  三、请按照有关文件精神,认真做好公布考试成绩、合格标准和发放证书等考试后期的各项工作。

  附表:2003年度监理工程师执业资格考试情况统计表

人事部办公厅
二○○三年十二月三日

  附表:

2003年度监理工程师执业资格考试情况统计表

报考科目数量 报考人数 合格人数 合格率% 历年合格人数
四科        
二科        
合计        

  注:“合格人数”栏目应统计本年度应取得执业资格证书的人数。“历年合格人数”栏目应统计自本专业开始考试以来,包括本年度考试合格取得资格证书的累计人数。

填表人:_______________________ 负责人:_____________________

填表单位(盖章):_____________ 填表日期:___________________